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AIRSPACE

Airspace is classified according to a lettering system. Even though we are not allowed into Classes A, B, C, D, Restricted or Prohibited Areas, we are allowed into nearly all of Class E and all of Class G airspace. (as per FAR 103)
The Federal Aviation Administration is the federal agency responsible to regulate aviation within the US. Most hang gliders meet the requirements to operate as unpowered ultralight vehicles and as such benefit from having very little in the way of regulations to follow. Along with not needing aircraft inspections or licenses to fly them, we are allowed to fly in most areas.

Airspace Details

Class A Airspace:
Class A airspace is not shown on your sectional. It covers the entire nation, so all we have to remember is that its lower limit is 18,000 MSL.

The term "controlled airspace," by the way, doesn't mean that somebody or some agency is up there controlling traffic, but controllers have a pretty good idea of what is up there. Use of our national air traffic control (ATC) service is mandatory in Class A airspace that begins at 18,000 feet MSL and extends upward to 60,000 feet MSL. Altitudes at 18,000 feet MSL and above, in Class A airspace, are commonly referred to in thousands of feet as "Fight Levels," abbreviated FL. For example, flight level two zero zero, or FL 200 = 20,000 feet MSL, FL 600 = 60,000 feet MSL, etc.

The United States, of course, does not own or control airspace outside its territorial limits, but our government has extended Class A airspace out to twelve miles from the coast of the contiguous 48 states and Alaska. By the way, if you fly into Mexico or Canada, or if you want to rent an ultralight overseas, do not assume that you understand their airspace system. It will be similar, but homework is required.

Memory aid: Class A airspace = Above, as in 18,000 and Above, as in high Above everything else.

Class B Airspace:
Class B airspace surrounds the nation's busiest airports and usually goes as high as 10,000 feet MSL, in some cases even higher. The uppermost level of Class B airspace may extend horizontally with radius of up to a 15 nautical miles around the airport tower. There is, however, no universal set of Class B dimensions since the flow of traffic, geography and other considerations determine the exact architecture of each Class B area. A sectional or a VFR Terminal Area Chart is very helpful in understanding the design and lateral dimensions of each Class B airspace.

Theoretically, an ultralight might fly above Class B airspace, but that could be extremely dangerous. Besides, you might be flying over a congested ground area and, in certain areas, through relatively congested airspace as other aircraft are funneled through narrow approach and departure routes.

On your sectional, horizontal Class B airspace limits are outlined in concentric solid blue circular lines that may be indented or extended in certain places due to geography or air traffic routes. The top and bottom of each layer of airspace, as you can see, are given in what looks like a fraction; for example, 90/40.

That means that this particular layer of airspace lies between 9,000 and 4,000 feet MSL. (SFC stands for surface) A two dimensional sectional map can only show you the horizontal outlines of different layers, you have to use the fractions to visualize the vertical dimensions. If it helps, close your eyes and try to "see" the architecture of the different layers. If you try to think in pictures rather than in words, that may help. Imagine an "inverted wedding cake." with at least three layers.

Check your sectional and you will find that the surface area of a city lying in Class B airspace is colored yellow as are all cities on the sectional. Obviously, this is what the FAA would call "congested" area, and ultralights may not fly over congested areas even if they were not in Class B or other controlled airspace. Visual clues and good judgment are your best guides for avoiding ground congestion.

Even though ultralights are not permitted in class B airspace without prior permission, some operators have reported that ATC has granted permission for individual flights. Many of the fields and airparks where ultralights fly are under overhanging layers of Class B airspace. If they fly too high, or if they fly just above the surface toward a major city airport, the ultralight will penetrate the Class B airspace, and that may set off lots of alarm bells with the FAA. The inner circle of Class B airspace extends all the way to the surface. The outskirts of cities like Portland, Oregon and Seattle, Washington are surrounded by many delightful strips where small planes and ultralights fly, and their pilots know pretty well what to avoid in terms of location and altitude. Pilots who fly near major Class B airports may prefer to use a VFR Terminal Area Chart since these depict a smaller area with much more detail using a scale of 1:250,000. If you fly from a field that is under or near Class B airspace, you should study your sectional or Terminal Area Chart to memorize landmarks that might help you recognize the locations and altitudes of various sections of Class B space.

Intruding into Class B airspace in an extremely serious matter. You may endanger the lives of many others since a fully loaded passenger jet carries hundreds of people. While a violation of Class D or Surface Area Class E space (discussed below) might bring only a strong lecture, a violation of Class B or Class C will almost certainly bring strong penalties.

In your memory, let B stand for Big Time or Big City airspace.

Class C Airspace:
On your sectional, horizontal Class C limits are shown by solid magenta lines. It is similar in layout to Class B but in magenta not blue.

Altitude fractions show the upper and lower vertical limits as they do with Class B. As with the shelves of Class B airspace, you may fly under or over shelves of Class C airspace, but never into the airspace itself.

If "B" stands for "Big Cities," let "C" simply stand for Cities. The cities under class C airspace are our mid-sized cities. The towers at these fields are equipped with radar -- something that smaller controlled fields (Class D airspace) do not have. Ultralights may not fly in Class C airspace without special permission from ATC, and that should be obtained in advance by telephone (although some controllers will accept a radio call). Although the city involved may not be as big as New York or Washington, D.C., it will usually have heavy jet and commercial traffic coming and going.

Class D Airspace:
Small city airports with control towers are usually designated as Class D airspace. Associate "D" with "Diminutive" or "Dime-sized" cities if you like, and do not go there without permission either. Commercial and other IFR traffic may be flying into these fields, and there is often much general aviation activity and pilot training. Look over your sectional and find several Class D fields. The field silhouette itself (not the city) will be pictured in blue -- as all controlled fields are -- with a dashed blue circle around it. By now you have probably noticed that the runways of any airport are drawn to show their direction in terms of the compass, and that runway length is also given. There is more information to look for as well, but back to Class D airspace.

The ceiling of Class D airspace generally extends upward to 2,500 feet AGL over the airport surface but the exact upper limit is shown with a number inside a dashed box outline. The example at right has a "54" meaning the upper limit is 5,400' msl. Some Class D fields have little extensions, what look like cogs on a wheel. The entire airspace may look like a key hole with one or more extensions out from the five-mile circle. These extensions of Class D airspace accommodate approaching and departing IFR flights that use standard approach/departure routes.

Flying over Class D airspace may not pose problems for the experienced ultralighter unless it violates the rule that ultralights must avoid flying over congested areas on the ground. It is customary for general aviation traffic that is just passing over or near a Class D field, but not planning to land there, to call the tower (the frequency is on the sectional). Such a courtesy call lets ATC know there is traffic out there in the general vicinity. Remember, a Class D airspace tower may have no radar and may, except for the controllers' eyes, be blind. If you have an aircraft frequency radio and understand radio communication procedures, it may be wise to inform a nearby Class D tower where you are and where you plan to go.

Class E Airspace:
Controlled airspace is officially defined by exclusion, which often does not tell you much. By that reasoning, Class E airspace is controlled airspace that is not Class A, B, C or D or G (explained below) airspace. Not too helpful, but you can be sure that there is a lot of Class E airspace, so much that one could think of it as "E" for Elemental or Everywhere airspace, the airspace out of which all other types are carved. It is the filler that fills in under Class A, and between Classes B,C and D. Its volume is vast. If we ignore the upper cover of Class A airspace, it is safe to say that there is a lot more E than all the other kinds combined. Ultralights fly freely in most of Class E space. The major exception is: FAR, Part 103.17 -- "No person may operate an ultralight vehicle within [snip] the lateral boundaries of the surface area of Class E airspace designated for an airport unless that person has prior authorization from the ATC facility having jurisdiction over that airspace."

"Surface Class E," is indicated by dashed magenta lines around the airport as shown at right. Inside the dashed magenta line, the floor of E goes all the way to the surface. It looks much like Class D but only in dashed magenta, not dashed blue. Notice there is no upper altitude number within a box like there was in Class D. The question then becomes... what is the upper limit? How is this airspace boundary defined?

I have recently been informed by Joe Gregor that "surface area Class E for an airport" is specifically defined in FAA Order 7400.9. In the past this area included everything within the dashed magenta line depicted around certain airports on the sectional charts - keyways included. This FAA Order has been recently (since 2003?) been changed much to our favor. The rectangular keyways are no longer considered "surface area Class E for an airport". We can fly in-em to our hearts content, at any altitude. Surface Class E as now defined generally corresponds in area to the Class D cylinder as depicted on the charts. Since the Class E is not active when the Class D is active (tower manned, daytime) we can overfly the airport - providing we remain above the published ceiling of the Class D. Joe said, "For those interested, a copy of FAA Order 7400.9 may be obtained by calling 202-267-3571. Be forwarned, it's about the same size as the Washington DC Yellow Pages. A new version (Order 7400.9N, I think) is coming out soon. I was working from version 'L'. Anyone interested in further information should contact me (Joe Gregor) at [email protected]."

Class E almost always has one of four lower limits: surface, 700' AGL, 1200' AGL or 14,500' MSL. Most of the country has a Class E lower limit of 1200' AGL. Where it drops to 700' AGL it is shown by a broad magenta line with a fuzzy side. The fuzzy side is the side where the floor of Class E is 700' AGL. So on the image above at right, you can see a meandering wide magenta line that surrounds the airport outside the dashed magenta line. This means the floor of Class E on one side is 700' AGL and as you cross over the broad magenta line to it's more defined side the floor of Class E raises to 1200' AGL. Hover your mouse inside the image and then hold it still and text will appear stating the floor of Class E at that point.

Remote areas of the country sometimes have Class E that has a lower limit of 14,500' msl. Where it borders between this level and 1200' agl there is a shaded blue line. The 14,500' MSL side is the sharp edged side and the fuzzy side is the 1200' AGL side.

Occasionally the floor of Class E is none of the usual values. Where it is a discrete value it is shown by a staggered blue line. A number in blue on the side of the line indicates the floor of Class E. If a number is only on one side then the side missing a number is either 14,500' MSL, 1200' AGL, 700' AGL or the surface depending on the other information on the map.

The image at right shows a summary of our knowledge so far of the floor of Class E airspace. Hover your mouse over the image and text should appear stating the floor of Class E in that area. Give it a try!

Class G airspace:
Class G airspace is a mantle of low lying airspace beginning at the surface. Class G is airspace that is completely uncontrolled and in which an ultralight flies most comfortably. This low lying blanket of uncontrolled airspace only ends when it meets Class B, C, D or E airspace.

Think of Class G as "ground" airspace. It covers almost the entire country. In very remote areas it has an upper limit at 14,500' msl. However the vast majority of area of the country it has an upper limit that follows the contour of the ground. The top of Class G usually is where the floor of the overriding Class E is. Like a coat of paint following the contour of the land. Sometimes the depth of Class G is 700', some times it's 1200', and where Class B,C,D or E extend to the surface there is no surface Class G.

Special Use Airspace:

FAR 103.17 says we are not allowed into Restricted or Prohibited areas.

Restricted Area -- A restricted area may be quite large and is shown on the sectional with a wide blue line of hash marks and a sharp outer edge. The image at right shows several Restricted Areas of various shapes all pieced together. Unseen hazards such as artillery practice, missile firing and other activities may take place. Travel in a Restricted Area may be possible when it is not activated, but permission should be obtained by the controlling agency. Your sectional has a table that gives the floor and ceiling of Restricted Areas as well as the times of use and the controlling agency.

Prohibited Area -- A prohibited area, as shown and clearly marked with the words "Prohibited Area" on your sectional, is an area enclosed in a unique wide blue border with a sharp outer edge. No one flies there, neither regular aircraft nor ultralights, without specific permission. These prohibited areas involve national security and sometimes environmental protection. They are not to be ignored under any circumstances.

Victor Airway -- A Victor Airway is a special kind of Class E airspace.

We are allowed to fly there but it's a good idea to know where they are and avoid them if you wish to reduce the amount of air traffic you are flying in. Victor Airways are like highways in the sky. Many powered aircraft follow these routes. The routes connect radio navigation beacons called "very high frequency omnidirectional range" or VOR stations that radiate a signal in all directions. These stations are usually located at or near airfields. North-south Victor Airways have odd numbers while east-west airways have even numbers. These federal or Victor Airways are used by both IFR and VFR aircraft. The airspace set aside for a Victor Airway is eight miles wide with a floor at 1200 AGL; they extend up to FL 180 (18,000' msl). Victor Airways are shown on your sectional by faint blue lines in which is printed the V designation along with the airway number. The image at right is of the local Crestline area. Note the two Victor Airways that run diagonal, V-442 and V-137. Also note the hang glider symbol (glider with an H inside a diagonal box. And also note the communication info at the lower left which indicates that arriving aircraft are talking to ATC on 127.25.

Military Training Routes -- MTRs are depicted as thin, light gray lines on the sectional. Each has its own identification, and the identifier has two parts. "VR" means that pilots flying the training routes will be flying under visual flight rules. "IR" means the pilots will be flying under instrument flight rules (look out for these guys). The second part of the identifier is either a three or a four-digit number. Four digits means the route will be flown at or below 1500 feet AGL, an especially dangerous level for ultralight encounters. A three-digit number means the route will be flown both below and above 1500 feet AGL so there's a possibility that they too are to watch out for. Thus, VR-1260 means a training route flown under VFR at a relatively low level. IR-141 would be a route flown under IFR conditions at any level. A jet fighter traveling toward you at over 300 miles per hour can be very hard to see, so it's a great idea to keep any local MTRs fixed in the back of your mind, and to be especially alert when crossing an MTR.

Warning Area -- This is a hazardous area that lies over international waters, beyond the three mile coastal limit. Long, over water flights by ultralights into these areas are unlikely.

Military Operations Area (MOA) -- These large areas of the country are shown on your sectional as enclosed by a line of magenta hash marks with a sharp outer edge. Military operations such as training exercises come and go. Permission to fly in an MOA is not required, but a pilot may determine the hours of any current activity by calling the nearest Flight Service Station (FSS). Dial 1-800-WXBRIEF.

Alert Area -- Bordered the same as a Restriced and Prohibited area, the identifier is not with a R or P but with an A. We are allowed into Alert Area without prior permission. An Alert Area may involve high general aviation traffic, unusual air operations or frequent student training. The area will be marked with a blue border with a word or two of explanation.

Controlled Firing Area -- Here there may be military activity such as artillery fire that is suspended when radar detects approaching aircraft. Thus, these Controlled Firing Areas are not shown on the sectional. Be careful around any military facility, however, especially along a coast line. Will radar pick up your small ultralight's reflection in time to stop the cannon fire? Good question!

Wildlife and recreational areas -- Either because of a high volume of scenic tour flights, or to protect noise sensitive wildlife, or both, your sectional will show areas where there are limits and conditions on all overflights. These sensitive areas are indicated on the sectional with lines of blue dots. Again, study the sectional and you will see brief notes and depictions that indicate restrictions. Minimum altitude for fly-over is 2,000 AGL. A violation here could result is stiff fines. Landing in such an area may take place only in an emergency or, otherwise, only at designated landing sites.

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